►How to Design Programs Languages
▼1 Beginning Student
On this page:
*
+
-
/
<
<=
=
>
>=
abs
acos
add1
angle
asin
atan
ceiling
complex?
conjugate
cos
cosh
current-seconds
denominator
e
even?
exact->inexact
exact?
exp
expt
floor
gcd
imag-part
inexact->exact
inexact?
integer->char
integer-sqrt
integer?
lcm
log
magnitude
make-polar
make-rectangular
max
min
modulo
negative?
number->string
number?
numerator
odd?
pi
positive?
quotient
random
rational?
real-part
real?
remainder
round
sgn
sin
sinh
sqr
sqrt
sub1
tan
zero?
boolean=?
boolean?
false?
not
symbol->string
symbol=?
symbol?
append
assq
caaar
caadr
caar
cadar
cadddr
caddr
cadr
car
cdaar
cdadr
cdar
cddar
cdddr
cddr
cdr
cons
cons?
eighth
empty?
fifth
first
fourth
length
list
list*
list-ref
make-list
member
memq
memv
null
null?
pair?
remove
rest
reverse
second
seventh
sixth
third
make-posn
posn-x
posn-y
posn?
char->integer
char-alphabetic?
char-ci<=?
char-ci<?
char-ci=?
char-ci>=?
char-ci>?
char-downcase
char-lower-case?
char-numeric?
char-upcase
char-upper-case?
char-whitespace?
char<=?
char<?
char=?
char>=?
char>?
char?
explode
format
implode
int->string
list->string
make-string
replicate
string
string->int
string->list
string->number
string->symbol
string-alphabetic?
string-append
string-ci<=?
string-ci<?
string-ci=?
string-ci>=?
string-ci>?
string-copy
string-ith
string-length
string-lower-case?
string-numeric?
string-ref
string-upper-case?
string-whitespace?
string<=?
string<?
string=?
string>=?
string>?
string?
substring
image=?
image?
=~
eof
eof-object?
eq?
equal?
equal~?
eqv?
error
exit
identity
struct?
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1.15 Primitive Operations

* : (number number number ... -> number)
Purpose: to compute the product of all of the input numbers
+ : (number number number ... -> number)
Purpose: to compute the sum of the input numbers
- : (number number ... -> number)
Purpose: to subtract the second (and following) number(s) from the first; negate the number if there is only one argument
/ : (number number number ... -> number)
Purpose: to divide the first by the second (and all following) number(s); try (/ 3 4) and (/ 3 2 2) only the first number can be zero.
< : (real real real ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to compare real numbers for less-than
<= : (real real real ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to compare real numbers for less-than or equality
= : (number number number ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to compare numbers for equality
> : (real real real ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to compare real numbers for greater-than
>= : (real real ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to compare real numbers for greater-than or equality
abs : (real -> real)
Purpose: to compute the absolute value of a real number
acos : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the arccosine (inverse of cos) of a number
add1 : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute a number one larger than a given number
angle : (number -> real)
Purpose: to extract the angle from a complex number
asin : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the arcsine (inverse of sin) of a number
atan : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the arctan (inverse of tan) of a number
ceiling : (real -> integer)
Purpose: to determine the closest integer (exact or inexact) above a real number
complex? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is complex
conjugate : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the conjugate of a complex number
cos : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the cosine of a number (radians)
cosh : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the hyperbolic cosine of a number
current-seconds : (-> integer)
Purpose: to compute the current time in seconds elapsed (since a platform-specific starting date)
denominator : (rat -> integer)
Purpose: to compute the denominator of a rational
e : real
Purpose: Euler’s number
even? : (integer -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine if some integer (exact or inexact) is even or not
exact->inexact : (number -> number)
Purpose: to convert an exact number to an inexact one
exact? : (number -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some number is exact
exp : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute e raised to a number
expt : (number number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the power of the first to the second number
floor : (real -> integer)
Purpose: to determine the closest integer (exact or inexact) below a real number
gcd : (integer integer ... -> integer)
Purpose: to compute the greatest common divisior of two integers (exact or inexact)
imag-part : (number -> real)
Purpose: to extract the imaginary part from a complex number
inexact->exact : (number -> number)
Purpose: to approximate an inexact number by an exact one
inexact? : (number -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some number is inexact
integer->char : (integer -> char)
Purpose: to lookup the character that corresponds to the given integer (exact only!) in the ASCII table (if any)
integer-sqrt : (number -> integer)
Purpose: to compute the integer (exact or inexact) square root of a number
integer? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is an integer (exact or inexact)
lcm : (integer integer ... -> integer)
Purpose: to compute the least common multiple of two integers (exact or inexact)
log : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the base-e logarithm of a number
magnitude : (number -> real)
Purpose: to determine the magnitude of a complex number
make-polar : (real real -> number)
Purpose: to create a complex from a magnitude and angle
make-rectangular : (real real -> number)
Purpose: to create a complex from a real and an imaginary part
max : (real real ... -> real)
Purpose: to determine the largest number
min : (real real ... -> real)
Purpose: to determine the smallest number
modulo : (integer integer -> integer)
Purpose: to find the remainder of the division of the first number by the second; try (modulo 4 3) (modulo 4 -3)
negative? : (number -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine if some value is strictly smaller than zero
number->string : (number -> string)
Purpose: to convert a number to a string
number? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is a number
numerator : (rat -> integer)
Purpose: to compute the numerator of a rational
odd? : (integer -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine if some integer (exact or inexact) is odd or not
pi : real
Purpose: the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter
positive? : (number -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine if some value is strictly larger than zero
quotient : (integer integer -> integer)
Purpose: to divide the first integer (exact or inexact) into the second; try (quotient 3 4) and (quotient 4 3)
random : (integer -> integer)
Purpose: to generate a random natural number less than some given integer (exact only!)
rational? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is a rational number
real-part : (number -> real)
Purpose: to extract the real part from a complex number
real? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is a real number
remainder : (integer integer -> integer)
Purpose: to determine the remainder of dividing the first by the second integer (exact or inexact)
round : (real -> integer)
Purpose: to round a real number to an integer (rounds to even to break ties)
sgn : (real -> (union 1 1.0 0 0.0 -1 -1.0))
Purpose: to compute the sign of a real number
sin : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the sine of a number (radians)
sinh : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the hyperbolic sine of a number
sqr : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the square of a number
sqrt : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the square root of a number
sub1 : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute a number one smaller than a given number
tan : (number -> number)
Purpose: to compute the tangent of a number (radians)
zero? : (number -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine if some value is zero or not
boolean=? : (boolean boolean -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether two booleans are equal
boolean? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is a boolean
false? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a value is false
not : (boolean -> boolean)
Purpose: to compute the negation of a boolean value
symbol->string : (symbol -> string)
Purpose: to convert a symbol to a string
symbol=? : (symbol symbol -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether two symbols are equal
symbol? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is a symbol
append : 
((listof any)
 (listof any)
 (listof any)
 ...
 ->
 (listof any))
Purpose: to create a single list from several, by juxtaposition of the items
assq : 
(X
 (listof (cons X Y))
 ->
 (union false (cons X Y)))
Purpose: to determine whether some item is the first item of a pair in a list of pairs
caaar : 
((cons
  (cons (cons W (listof Z)) (listof Y))
  (listof X))
 ->
 W)
Purpose: to select the first item of the first list in the first list of a list
caadr : 
((cons
  (cons (cons W (listof Z)) (listof Y))
  (listof X))
 ->
 (listof Z))
Purpose: to select the rest of the first list in the first list of a list
caar : ((cons (cons Z (listof Y)) (listof X)) -> Z)
Purpose: to select the first item of the first list in a list
cadar : 
((cons (cons W (cons Z (listof Y))) (listof X))
 ->
 Z)
Purpose: to select the second item of the first list of a list
cadddr : ((listof Y) -> Y)
Purpose: to select the fourth item of a non-empty list
caddr : ((cons W (cons Z (cons Y (listof X)))) -> Y)
Purpose: to select the third item of a non-empty list
cadr : ((cons Z (cons Y (listof X))) -> Y)
Purpose: to select the second item of a non-empty list
car : ((cons Y (listof X)) -> Y)
Purpose: to select the first item of a non-empty list
cdaar : 
((cons
  (cons (cons W (listof Z)) (listof Y))
  (listof X))
 ->
 (listof Z))
Purpose: to select the rest of the first list in the first list of a list
cdadr : 
((cons W (cons (cons Z (listof Y)) (listof X)))
 ->
 (listof Y))
Purpose: to select the rest of the first list in the rest of a list
cdar : 
((cons (cons Z (listof Y)) (listof X))
 ->
 (listof Y))
Purpose: to select the rest of a non-empty list in a list
cddar : 
((cons (cons W (cons Z (listof Y))) (listof X))
 ->
 (listof Y))
Purpose: to select the rest of the rest of the first list of a list
cdddr : 
((cons W (cons Z (cons Y (listof X))))
 ->
 (listof X))
Purpose: to select the rest of the rest of the rest of a list
cddr : ((cons Z (cons Y (listof X))) -> (listof X))
Purpose: to select the rest of the rest of a list
cdr : ((cons Y (listof X)) -> (listof X))
Purpose: to select the rest of a non-empty list
cons : (X (listof X) -> (listof X))
Purpose: to construct a list
cons? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is a constructed list
eighth : ((listof Y) -> Y)
Purpose: to select the eighth item of a non-empty list
empty? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is the empty list
fifth : ((listof Y) -> Y)
Purpose: to select the fifth item of a non-empty list
first : ((cons Y (listof X)) -> Y)
Purpose: to select the first item of a non-empty list
fourth : ((listof Y) -> Y)
Purpose: to select the fourth item of a non-empty list
length : ((listof any) -> number)
Purpose: to compute the number of items on a list
list : (any ... -> (listof any))
Purpose: to construct a list of its arguments
list* : (any ... (listof any) -> (listof any))
Purpose: to construct a list by adding multiple items to a list
list-ref : ((listof X) natural-number -> X)
Purpose: to extract the indexed item from the list
make-list : (natural-number any -> (listof any))
Purpose: (make-list k x) constructs a list of k copies of x
member : (any (listof any) -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is on the list (comparing values with equal?)
memq : (any (listof any) -> (union false list))
Purpose: to determine whether some value is on some list (comparing values with eq?)
memv : (any (listof any) -> (union false list))
Purpose: to determine whether some value is on the list (comparing values with eqv?)
null : empty
Purpose: the empty list
null? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is the empty list
pair? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is a constructed list
remove : (any (listof any) -> (listof any))
Purpose: to construct a list like the given one with the first occurrence of the given item removed (comparing values with equal?)
rest : ((cons Y (listof X)) -> (listof X))
Purpose: to select the rest of a non-empty list
reverse : ((listof any) -> list)
Purpose: to create a reversed version of a list
second : ((cons Z (cons Y (listof X))) -> Y)
Purpose: to select the second item of a non-empty list
seventh : ((listof Y) -> Y)
Purpose: to select the seventh item of a non-empty list
sixth : ((listof Y) -> Y)
Purpose: to select the sixth item of a non-empty list
third : ((cons W (cons Z (cons Y (listof X)))) -> Y)
Purpose: to select the third item of a non-empty list
make-posn : (number number -> posn)
Purpose: to construct a posn
posn-x : (posn -> number)
Purpose: to extract the x component of a posn
posn-y : (posn -> number)
Purpose: to extract the y component of a posn
posn? : (anything -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine if its input is a posn
char->integer : (char -> integer)
Purpose: to lookup the number that corresponds to the given character in the ASCII table (if any)
char-alphabetic? : (char -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character represents an alphabetic character
char-ci<=? : (char char char ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character precedes another (or is equal to it) in a case-insensitive manner
char-ci<? : (char char char ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character precedes another in a case-insensitive manner
char-ci=? : (char char char ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether two characters are equal in a case-insensitive manner
char-ci>=? : (char char char ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character succeeds another (or is equal to it) in a case-insensitive manner
char-ci>? : (char char char ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character succeeds another in a case-insensitive manner
char-downcase : (char -> char)
Purpose: to determine the equivalent lower-case character
char-lower-case? : (char -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character is a lower-case character
char-numeric? : (char -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character represents a digit
char-upcase : (char -> char)
Purpose: to determine the equivalent upper-case character
char-upper-case? : (char -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character is an upper-case character
char-whitespace? : (char -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character represents space
char<=? : (char char char ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character precedes another (or is equal to it)
char<? : (char char char ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character precedes another
char=? : (char char char ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether two characters are equal
char>=? : (char char char ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character succeeds another (or is equal to it)
char>? : (char char char ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a character succeeds another
char? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a value is a character
explode : (string -> (listof string))
Purpose: to translate a string into a list of 1-letter strings
format : (string any ... -> string)
Purpose: to format a string, possibly embedding values
implode : ((listof string) -> string)
Purpose: to concatenate the list of 1-letter strings into one string
int->string : (integer -> string)
Purpose: to convert an integer in [0,55295] or [57344 1114111] to a 1-letter string
list->string : ((listof char) -> string)
Purpose: to convert a s list of characters into a string
make-string : (nat char -> string)
Purpose: to produce a string of given length from a single given character
replicate : (nat string -> string)
Purpose: to replicate the given string
string : (char ... -> string)
Purpose: (string c1 c2 ...) builds a string
string->int : (string -> integer)
Purpose: to convert a 1-letter string to an integer in [0,55295] or [57344, 1114111]
string->list : (string -> (listof char))
Purpose: to convert a string into a list of characters
string->number : (string -> (union number false))
Purpose: to convert a string into a number, produce false if impossible
string->symbol : (string -> symbol)
Purpose: to convert a string into a symbol
string-alphabetic? : (string -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether all ’letters’ in the string are alphabetic
string-append : (string ... -> string)
Purpose: to juxtapose the characters of several strings
string-ci<=? : (string string string ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether one string alphabetically precedes another (or is equal to it) in a case-insensitive manner
string-ci<? : (string string string ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether one string alphabetically precedes another in a case-insensitive manner
string-ci=? : (string string string ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to compare two strings character-wise in a case-insensitive manner
string-ci>=? : (string string string ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether one string alphabetically succeeds another (or is equal to it) in a case-insensitive manner
string-ci>? : (string string string ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether one string alphabetically succeeds another in a case-insensitive manner
string-copy : (string -> string)
Purpose: to copy a string
string-ith : (string nat -> string)
Purpose: to extract the ith 1-letter substring from the given one
string-length : (string -> nat)
Purpose: to determine the length of a string
string-lower-case? : (string -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether all ’letters’ in the string are lower case
string-numeric? : (string -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether all ’letters’ in the string are numeric
string-ref : (string nat -> char)
Purpose: to extract the i-the character from a string
string-upper-case? : (string -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether all ’letters’ in the string are upper case
string-whitespace? : (string -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether all ’letters’ in the string are white space
string<=? : (string string string ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether one string alphabetically precedes another (or is equal to it)
string<? : (string string string ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether one string alphabetically precedes another
string=? : (string string string ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to compare two strings character-wise
string>=? : (string string string ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether one string alphabetically succeeds another (or is equal to it)
string>? : (string string string ... -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether one string alphabetically succeeds another
string? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a value is a string
substring : (string nat nat -> string)
Purpose: to extract the substring starting at a 0-based index up to the second 0-based index (exclusive)
image=? : (image image -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether two images are equal
image? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether a value is an image
=~ : (real real non-negative-real -> boolean)
Purpose: to check whether two real numbers are within some amount (the third argument) of either other
eof : eof
Purpose: the end-of-file value
eof-object? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is the end-of-file value
eq? : (any any -> boolean)
Purpose: to compare two values
equal? : (any any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether two values are structurally equal
equal~? : (any any non-negative-real -> boolean)
Purpose: to compare like equal? on the first two arguments, except using =~ in the case of real numbers
eqv? : (any any -> boolean)
Purpose: to compare two values
error : (symbol string -> void)
Purpose: to signal an error
exit : (-> void)
Purpose: to exit the running program
identity : (any -> any)
Purpose: to return the argument unchanged
struct? : (any -> boolean)
Purpose: to determine whether some value is a structure

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